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Central nervous system tumors (brain tumors, spinal cord tumors)
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors refer to malignant or benign neoplasms occurring in the brain or spinal cord, including gliomas, meningiomas, and spinal tumors. These tumors can compress surrounding neural tissues, impair neurological function, and may lead to increased intracranial pressure or spinal cord involvement. Major risk factors include:
• Genetic and familial factors – such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or a family history of meningiomas, which increase susceptibility.
• Radiation exposure – individuals with prior head, neck, or spinal radiotherapy have an elevated risk.
• Immunodeficiency – long-term immunosuppression or chronic inflammation may increase incidence.
• Environmental and chemical factors – prolonged exposure to harmful chemicals or occupational hazards.
Early screening, imaging surveillance, and nursing interventions are essential for preserving neurological function, maintaining quality of life, and slowing disease progression.
Symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) tumors depend on tumor location, size, and degree of compression. Common manifestations include:
• Headache and increased intracranial pressure – often worse in the morning, may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting.
• Neurological deficits – such as limb weakness, numbness, ataxia, or balance disturbances.
• Sensory and visual abnormalities – including blurred vision, visual field defects, or ocular movement disorders.
• Language and cognitive impairments – such as dysarthria, memory decline, or decreased attention.
• Seizures – particularly in patients with cortical involvement.
• Spinal tumor-specific symptoms – including limb numbness, sensory deficits, and bladder or bowel dysfunction.
Symptoms that progress slowly may be easily overlooked. Timely imaging studies and nursing assessments are critical for early detection and management.
Diagnostic approaches for central nervous system (CNS) tumors are diverse, aiming for early detection, subtype classification, and development of personalized care plans:
• Clinical neurological examination – assessment of brain function, reflexes, motor skills, and sensory abilities.
• Imaging studies
– MRI: the preferred modality, providing clear visualization of tumor location, size, margins, and relationship with surrounding tissues.
– CT: useful for evaluating bone involvement and calcification, and for rapid screening.
– PET-CT: employed for detecting distant metastases or monitoring recurrence.
• Pathological examination – analysis of surgical or biopsy specimens to determine tumor type, differentiation grade, and invasiveness.
• Molecular and genetic testing – detection of specific genes or molecular markers can guide personalized care plans and targeted supportive strategies.
Care and supportive strategies for central nervous system (CNS) tumors can be divided into traditional methods and personalized supportive strategies, aiming to slow disease progression, preserve neurological function, and improve quality of life:
• Surgery
– Applicable for resectable tumors, with the goal of maximal tumor reduction while protecting neurological function.
– Postoperative care – including wound management, rehabilitation training, and psychological support – can promote recovery of neurological function and daily living abilities.
• Radiation and Chemotherapy Care
– Radiation therapy is used as adjuvant treatment post-surgery, for local tumor control, or for patients unsuitable for surgery.
– Chemotherapy is indicated for gliomas or high-risk recurrence cases. Coupled with nutritional support and fluid management, it helps reduce side effects and maintain physiological function.
• Targeted and Immune Support
– Personalized care plans are developed based on molecular testing results, targeting specific gene mutations or signaling pathways.
– Combined with immune-enhancing therapies, nutritional support, and rehabilitation interventions, these strategies improve immune resilience and overall health.
• Nutritional and Supportive Therapies
– Intravenous supplementation with high-dose vitamin C, glutathione, amino acids, and trace elements may enhance energy levels, maintain immune function, and support recovery.
– Dietary recommendations include high-protein foods, antioxidants, and brain-supportive nutrients (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids) to support neural repair and functional maintenance.
• Personalized Monitoring and Care
– Regular MRI, CT, and neurological assessments to monitor tumor progression and recurrence risk.
– Development of individualized care plans to adjust nutrition, rehabilitation, and psychological support.
– Specialized care programs for patients with neurological deficits or high recurrence risk help enhance long-term quality of life.
